---
title: database
sidebarTitle: database
---

# `prefect.server.utilities.database`



Utilities for interacting with Prefect REST API database and ORM layer.

Prefect supports both SQLite and Postgres. Many of these utilities
allow the Prefect REST API to seamlessly switch between the two.


## Functions

### `db_injector` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L77" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
db_injector(func: Union[_DBMethod[T, P, R], _DBFunction[P, R]]) -> Union[_Method[T, P, R], _Function[P, R]]
```

### `generate_uuid_postgresql` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L96" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
generate_uuid_postgresql(element: GenerateUUID, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```


Generates a random UUID in Postgres; requires the pgcrypto extension.


### `generate_uuid_sqlite` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L107" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
generate_uuid_sqlite(element: GenerateUUID, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```


Generates a random UUID in other databases (SQLite) by concatenating
bytes in a way that approximates a UUID hex representation. This is
sufficient for our purposes of having a random client-generated ID
that is compatible with a UUID spec.


### `bindparams_from_clause` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L327" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
bindparams_from_clause(query: sa.ClauseElement) -> dict[str, sa.BindParameter[Any]]
```


Retrieve all non-anonymous bind parameters defined in a SQL clause


### `datetime_or_interval_add_postgresql` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L425" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
datetime_or_interval_add_postgresql(element: Union[date_add, interval_add, date_diff], compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```

### `date_diff_seconds_postgresql` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L435" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
date_diff_seconds_postgresql(element: date_diff_seconds, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```

### `current_timestamp_sqlite` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L507" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
current_timestamp_sqlite(element: functions.now, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```


Generates the current timestamp for SQLite


### `date_add_sqlite` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L515" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
date_add_sqlite(element: date_add, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```

### `interval_add_sqlite` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L523" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
interval_add_sqlite(element: interval_add, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```

### `date_diff_sqlite` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L532" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
date_diff_sqlite(element: date_diff, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```

### `date_diff_seconds_sqlite` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L539" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
date_diff_seconds_sqlite(element: date_diff_seconds, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```

### `sqlite_json_operators` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L690" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
sqlite_json_operators(element: sa.BinaryExpression[Any], compiler: SQLCompiler, override_operator: Optional[OperatorType] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```


Intercept the PostgreSQL-only JSON / JSONB operators and translate them to SQLite


### `sqlite_greatest_as_max` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L709" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
sqlite_greatest_as_max(element: greatest[Any], compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```

### `sqlite_least_as_min` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L732" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
sqlite_least_as_min(element: least[Any], compiler: SQLCompiler, **kwargs: Any) -> str
```

### `get_dialect` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L741" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
get_dialect(obj: Union[str, Session, sa.Engine]) -> type[sa.Dialect]
```


Get the dialect of a session, engine, or connection url.

Primary use case is figuring out whether the Prefect REST API is communicating with
SQLite or Postgres.


## Classes

### `GenerateUUID` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L85" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


Platform-independent UUID default generator.
Note the actual functionality for this class is specified in the
`compiles`-decorated functions below


### `Timestamp` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L133" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


TypeDecorator that ensures that timestamps have a timezone.

For SQLite, all timestamps are converted to UTC (since they are stored
as naive timestamps without timezones) and recovered as UTC.


**Methods:**

#### `load_dialect_impl` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L143" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
load_dialect_impl(self, dialect: sa.Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]
```

#### `process_bind_param` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L155" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
process_bind_param(self, value: Optional[datetime.datetime], dialect: sa.Dialect) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]
```

#### `process_result_value` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L170" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
process_result_value(self, value: Optional[datetime.datetime], dialect: sa.Dialect) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]
```

### `UUID` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L183" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


Platform-independent UUID type.

Uses PostgreSQL's UUID type, otherwise uses
CHAR(36), storing as stringified hex values with
hyphens.


**Methods:**

#### `load_dialect_impl` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L195" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
load_dialect_impl(self, dialect: sa.Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]
```

#### `process_bind_param` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L201" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
process_bind_param(self, value: Optional[Union[str, uuid.UUID]], dialect: sa.Dialect) -> Optional[str]
```

#### `process_result_value` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L213" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
process_result_value(self, value: Optional[Union[str, uuid.UUID]], dialect: sa.Dialect) -> Optional[uuid.UUID]
```

### `JSON` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L224" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


JSON type that returns SQLAlchemy's dialect-specific JSON types, where
possible. Uses generic JSON otherwise.

The "base" type is postgresql.JSONB to expose useful methods prior
to SQL compilation


**Methods:**

#### `load_dialect_impl` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L238" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
load_dialect_impl(self, dialect: sa.Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]
```

#### `process_bind_param` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L246" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
process_bind_param(self, value: Optional[Any], dialect: sa.Dialect) -> Optional[Any]
```

Prepares the given value to be used as a JSON field in a parameter binding


### `Pydantic` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L267" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


A pydantic type that converts inserted parameters to
json and converts read values to the pydantic type.


**Methods:**

#### `process_bind_param` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L306" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
process_bind_param(self, value: Optional[T], dialect: sa.Dialect) -> Optional[str]
```

#### `process_result_value` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L320" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

```python
process_result_value(self, value: Optional[Any], dialect: sa.Dialect) -> Optional[T]
```

### `date_add` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L346" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


Platform-independent way to add a timestamp and an interval


### `interval_add` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L365" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


Platform-independent way to add two intervals.


### `date_diff` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L384" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


Platform-independent difference of two timestamps. Computes d1 - d2.


### `date_diff_seconds` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L401" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>


Platform-independent calculation of the number of seconds between two timestamps or from 'now'


### `greatest` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L704" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>

### `least` <sup><a href="https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect/blob/main/src/prefect/server/utilities/database.py#L727" target="_blank"><Icon icon="github" style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" /></a></sup>
